Inequality undermines democracy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inequality undermines democracy - Assignment Example ality provokes a generalized anger that finds target where it can-immigrants, foreign countries, American elites, government in all forms-and it rewards demagogues while discrediting reformers†. I find this to be the key sentence because it encapsulated the ultimate danger that inequality can bring which is anger that begets hatred. The anger that begets hatred wrought by inequality as enunciated in those sentences to target where it can is not only in peculiar in the US but also in other countries and culture. In fact, these effects of anger wrought inequality are universal. What will change is the target but it will always find a target to vent that anger and hatred. Notice in countries, societies and cultures where there is so much anger, hatred, animosity, murder and other forms of onslaught – they have one common denominator which is inequality. Inequality which breeds poverty as Parker explained in his other sentence â€Å"creates a lopsided economy†. This inequality that breeds anger and hatred undermines democracy which explains why Parker ended his article with the sentence â€Å"Inequality undermines democracy†. He used the operating word â€Å"undermining† to illustrate that inequality is incompatible with democracy. Democracy, which provides an equal opportunity for all cannot thrive in an environment where equal opportunity cannot be had due to inequality. It cannot also thrive in any country or society where there is so much anger due to inequality because such anger would also target democracy

The success of Aldi Essay Example for Free

The success of Aldi Essay Executive summary This report presents the current situation of UK supermarket especially Aldi by the PESTLE analysis, and the economic, social and technological are the main factors affecting the performance of supermarkets nowadays. For instance the unemployment rate, technology used and current trend. There is also a case study on Aldi, explaining the strategies used by Aldi, reducing cost to achieve its goal of providing both value and quality to the customers. Lastly, the report also distinguish that Aldi is applying the rational goal model, as Aldi has a clear goal and emphasis on the efficiency, and how the systematic working method of Aldi helps itself to reach the success. 1.0 Introduction In recent years, the whole UK grocery market are stretching continuously, about 4% bigger than a years ago(Supermarkets in the UK: Market Research, 2013). Aldi is one of the British ‘big four’ supermarkets in UK. It was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht and Theo Albrecht took over the business from their mother. Aldi is a supermarket flaunts low prices as its name Albrecht-Discount, and the mission statement of Aldi is†Incredible value everyday†. There are 512 stores in the UK, and over 7,600 worldwide. Aldi has increased its sales 32.7% year for the 12 weeks before September 15th (The Grocer, 24th September 2013). In this report, we’re going to use the PESTLE analysis to study the factors affecting the UK supermarket industry and especially Aldi, the approaches used by Aldi to gain the competitive advantage and the model of management of Aldi’s approach and discuss how the culture supports its strategies and lead to the success. 2.0 PESTLE Analysis PESTLE Analysis is a tool for people to understand the industry situation,  PESTLE stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental† factors. In the following, we will focus on the economic, social and technological factors( Boddy, D. and Paton, S.,2002). 2.1 Economic factors In 2013, UK is on the path of recovery. It is expected in the second half of 2014, the economy of UK will exceed the peak in 2008. It also says that the UKs GDP is now set to grow by 2.7% in 2014, an upgrade from a previous prediction of 2.2% as per data by BBC (British Chambers of Commerce) (Kern, 2013). Also, The European Central Bank has cut its inflation forecast for 2014, from 1.3 per cent to 1.1per cent (Yaker, 2013). For the unemployment rate, it stands at 7.4% down 0.3% on the quarter and 0.5% down over the year. The number of people employed was 250,000 higher this quarter and 485,000 higher than last year (HRM Guide, 2013). All the above changes and prediction of the economy are the considerations of Aldi, as they will affect the prices, demand, supply and finally the profit of supermarkets. Especially the unemployment rate, as people will have less disposable income when they have no jobs, they would then lower the demand on some leisure goods, for instance the snacks. In case of Aldi, as Aldi is aim at providing a cheaper price compare with its competitors, therefore the sale of Aldi will rise on the country as the unemployed will consider more on the price when they are in limited budget. 2.2 Social factors The British are more concern about healthy in recent years, there are concerns on organic food. People may rather consume an organic product with a higher price than an artificial stuff with lower price. And Aldi did catch on this trend and establish a product line called â€Å"Fit and Active† and organic toddler products to meet the recent needs of customers. There is also demographic problem of aging population in UK, leading to a paucity of labour in the supermarket as most low level work in supermarket require physical power and the elderly are not suitable for these. Aldi also focus on corporate social responsibility, they cooperate with many charities, for example, in 2011 Barnardo’s was Aldi’s charity of the year (The Times 100, 2013). 2.3 Technological factors Technology used by supermarkets will highly influence the efficiency of a supermarket. Most of the work in the supermarket are more or less the same and process daily, for example transportation of goods, storage, distribution system, packaging, etc. Much time can be saved if technology are developed for this simple but repeating tasks. For Aldi, their stores use the technologies like, intelligent scale, Wireless devices, Electronic shelf labeling, Radio Frequency Identification(RFID), and self-check-out machine (Gill, 2013). RFID technology is used to protect the warehouses, through the system, only people with the RFID tag will be allowed to go into the warehouses. 3.0 Strategies of Aldi All the customers want a product in the lowest price whilst possessing the highest quality. Aldi understand what customers need and offer them quality products at competitive prices. In some cases Aldi’s product are 30% cheaper than those offered by its competitors (The Time 100, 2013). According to the article(Competitive advantage through efficiency), The Time 100, the strategy used by Aldi is cost leadership strategy. This is an approach that the business eager to provide the lowest price among the market and this is achieved by cutting the cost without affecting the quality of goods which means it antagonizes with the competitors by price. Aldi is mainly based on the lean thinking principle to operate the business. The rule of lean production is getting more from less. In other words, using least resources to provide the largest amount of goods and services. Firstly, the time based management of Aldi. This is an approach aim at minimize the time the used in managing the business. In the supply chain,  Aldi will minimize the cost and time of delivery by getting most of the resources(fruit and vegetables) locally. Also, the approach is also implicated to the staffs of Aldi. The staffs of Aldi are trained to do variety of works, the multi-skilled staffs are able to lower the cost on employment of Aldi as they are able to perform different tasks. Different from the competitors, the opening hour of Aldi is regularly 8am to 8pm from Monday to Saturday and 10am to 4pm on Sunday, but not open for 24hours. This action is able to cut the cost of Aldi, as expenditure on light, wages, etc also need to be spend during the wee hours and the sale on those hours must be less than the day time. Secondly, the just-in-time approach applies on stock storage mentioned in the article. Aldi only holds the stock that it needs. As the expenditure of warehouses is high and therefore the cost on renting a warehouse and staffs on managing of the warehouse can be saved. In addition, Aldi’s products are delivered in display ready cases. Cost on managing the products can also be reduced. Aldi pays much effort on reducing costs and eliminating waste, applies the principle of lean thinking in every minutiae. Aldi is fully achieved its core purpose â€Å"Provide value and quality to our customers by being fair and efficient in all we do†. All Aldi have done is able to reduce the cost and turn out offering a lower price than its competitors, gain the reputation from customers. 4.0 Model of management of Aldi The rational goal model is the best model of management to represent Aldi’s management approach. This is an approach about an organization maximize its own capability to reach the goal. There is a clear direction of operating Aldi, offering the â€Å"happy price† to the customers. And Aldi has carry out a lot of practices in order to minimize the cost on operating the supermarket. There are different approaches throughout the whole process, from supply, delivery, grounding to packing. Every staff of Aldi is employed carefully, they should have enough capability to handle any task and duties of the day, they are trained to follow defined procedures. They are a group of flexible workforce to Aldi. The staffs of Aldi also receive a relatively high salary compare with other supermarkets and variety type of jobs enable employees to have high incentive to work. Apart from the skilled staffs, the measures of Aldi also bring itself to an upper level. These factors make Aldi processes in a high level of efficiency and productivity. The culture of Aldi is carrying out the scientific management. There are systematic working methods throughout every process as discussed above. Also, the business decisions are all made by the managers of Aldi, the employees only need to follow the defined procedures. There are a clear hierarchy among the employees. The employees have low-involvement employment relationship. This culture of Aldi can shorten the time of decision making as the decisions are only made by managers. In addition, there will lead to a quick reaction to the society changes for example the organic products cooperate to the health trend nowadays. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the performance of a supermarket can be influenced by many factors, and most of the factors cannot be anticipated especially the economic factors, for instance the unemployment rate and inflation rate. For the social factors, the recent trend will affect the products sold by supermarket, for example the organic line of Aldi. And the technological factors, technology is able to improve the efficiency of the supermarket as most of the tasks in a supermarket are simple and repeating. The strategies used by Aldi are eliminating waste to reduce the cost of production in order to offer the lowest price to the customers. For example the approaches used in the supply chain, staffs and the opening hours. All of these help Aldi to achieve its goal. Next, Aldi is operating in rational goal model as Aldi has a clear goal, emphasis on the productivity and efficiency. In addition, the culture of Aldi, systematic working methods is helping Aldi to further achieve its strategies. Reference list 1. Boddy, D. and Paton, S.(2002) Management an Introduction. 5th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited 2002, 2011 2. Barnat, R. (no date) Strategic Management: Formulation and Implementation Available at: http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en125 (Accessed: 16 January 2014) 3. Cost Leadership Strategy (no date) Available at: http://www.ecofine.com/strategy/cost%20leadership.htm (Accessed: 16 Jaunary 2014) 4. UK Unemployment (no date) Available at: http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/jobmarket/unemployment.htm (Accessed: 15 January 2014) 5. Competitive advantage through efficiency (2013) Available at: www.thetimes100.co.uk (Accessed: 8 Jaunary 2014) 6. Prescott, R. (2013) The top 9 UK supermarkets in 2013 Available at: http://www.foodbev.com/news/the-top-9-uk-supermarkets#.UuBk9XmJMUt (Accessed: 12 January 2014) 7. Supermarkets in the UK: Market Research (2013) Available at: http://www.ibisworld.co.uk/market-research/supermarkets.html (Accessed: 12 January 2014) 8. Vizard, S. (2014) ‘Sainsbury’s Christmas marketing buzz fails to translate into sales’ Available at: http://www.marketingweek.co.uk (Accessed: 11 January 2014) 9. Gough, R. (2013) INTO UEA Diploma Business Lecture Notes, Autumn 2013 10. Aldi Homepage (no date) Available at: https://www.aldi.co.uk (Accessed: 3 January 2014)

Prejudice and Racism: All Men are Equal, Unless They Are Black Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brian is a young African American male who has been pulled over by the police somewhere between twenty and thirty times and accused of committing a crime. The only problem is, he's never so much as jaywalked across a street. Brian is a hardworking, church-going man who is director of lighting at Black Entertainment Television in Washington, D.C. He has a spotless record. That matters little to the D.C. police. Time after time, the cops would pull Brian over to interrogate him for a recent murder, robbery, or assault. He would be yanked out of his car, thrown to the ground, and held until one of them figured out he was the wrong guy. -"Brian Anthony Harris is Not Wanted", by Michael Moore In his 1963 document, "Letter From Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King Jr. prayed "in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty." To date, his prayers remain unanswered, and the radiant stars he dreamed of seem more remote and dim than ever. It seems impossible, in the wake of the Civil Rights movement of the Sixties, America would not take heed and make strides to erase the lines of inequality dividing its population. It hasn't. Superficial changes in race relations, like the halfhearted integration of schools, the ever-lessening concessions to affirmative action, and the few token minority Court and Cabinet appointments notwithstanding, the status-quo of American life illustrates the continuing failure of King's dream. In the 37 years since Martin Luther King Jr. sat in an Alabama jail cell, more black men have gone to jail than to college, and the black voice in America's democracy has quieted to a whisper. Black Americans are not m... ...anna Huffington. 10/01/00. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/10/02/disenfranchised/index.html "Back to the Civil Rights Barricades", by Todd Gitlin. 12/04/00. http://www.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/12/04/democracy/index.html Justice Policy Institute/ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Beatty, Holman, and Schiraldi, 2000 Poor Prescription: The Costs of Imprisoning Drug Offenders in the United States. Washington DC: The Justice Policy Institute. Accessed 5/20/01. http://www.cjcj.org/drug/drugpr.html "America's One Million Non-Violent Prisoners", by V. Schiraldi, J. Ziedenberg, and J Irwin, PhD.1999. Accessed 5/21/01. http://www.cjcj.org/jpi/onemillion.html United States Department of Justice. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999. Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. Apr, 2000, Accessed 5/20/01. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#pjmidyear

Memorable Experience with Writing and Reading Essay

â€Å"You cannot open a book without learning something† (Confucius). About two months before school started, the weather became extremely hot. I stayed at home to enjoy the air-conditioning and to do some reading. I grabbed an arbitrary book which had probably sat on my shelf during the whole summer. On the cover, it read â€Å"Voices and Values: A Reader for Writers by Janet M.Goldstein and Beth Johnson†. On the inside, a few carelessly folded pages indicated that the book had ever been used. This book, a collection of effective essays, was a requirement for one of my classes. It theoretically served as a key to succeed both in reading and writing, but I had only read ten essays in an attempt to finish my homework assignments enough to maintain a fair grade in the course. That was how I approached school, getting the highest possible grade with the lowest possible effort. However, after reading several more essays in â€Å"Voices and Values†, my attitude toward studying changed. In my family, education plays a serious role. My parents taught me to study hard. Nevertheless, I personally viewed these ideas childishly and impractically. I told myself that it would be a waste of time to try too hard and fully absorb any of the material I was studying. What I did was to study enough to gather the facts. I used to taste ideas, chew on them for as long as it took to survive in class, and then, after tests, spit them out. Grades, after all, had served as the most powerful element in my educational view. As a matter of fact, while my grades were thriving, my mind was stagnating. As I opened the book that day, looking for some interesting essays that I might have missed, I found more than that. This book is much more than an academic book designed to teach critical reading and writing skills. â€Å"Voices and Values†, in some ways, introduces its readers to higher moral lessons. The essays, â€Å"Dare to Think Big† by Dr. Ben Carson, â€Å"From Nonreading to Reading† by Stacy Kelly Abbott, â€Å"Reading to Survive† by Paul Langan, and â€Å"Learning Survival Skills† by Jean Coleman, are different stories written by different authors, but they all exude the same ideas resurrecting lost hope to people, encouraging people not to surrender, and imparting how important education is to people’s lives. Their words did not so much sound new to me as they reminded me of some ideas that I had known, some concepts I had held. However, I had stored them somewhere in my head and never used them. â€Å"As I look back over the past for years, I see all the things that have happened to make me see how important reading is. I am not where I want to be yet, but I will be in a year or two† (Abbott). Abbott’s words moved around and enli ghtened me. Looking back over twelve years in school, I found myself nothing more than a revolving machine: receiving data, keeping it in short-term memory to cope with the tests, and then removing it as soon as possible. What I did, indeed, never could be called â€Å"studying† or â€Å"learning,† but using a basic skill to achieve the best grade possible. Chemistry, World History, National History, World Geography, National Geography, Agricultures, and Biology, these subjects never seemed strange to me. I had undertaken, struggled, and passed through them years before in Vietnam. Unfortunately, none of them managed to set up roots in my mind. These things, which were supposed to be general information for a long term student, had come and gone like a visitor. I did not change; I did not grow; I did not accumulate any useful knowledge for myself. Worse than that, I was still too innocent to realize I had been on the wrong path and had the wrong attitude. The misconception I had about education eventually prevented me from opening my eyes and my mind. â€Å"And that is how we have to learn to think about life! With a long-term view. A Big-Picture perspective!† (Carson). There are times, when a person’s mind encounters the right philosophies, and self-discovery happens. In a flash, I visualized an uncertain future, where I could see myself was holding a materialistic degree with spiritual ignorance, knowing nothing about the world, and being completely empty of practical knowledge. Then, I knew that if there were ever a time for me to abandon the misconception about education, it was at that moment. As Peck stated in his essay â€Å"Responsibility†, â€Å"This is because we must accept responsibility for a problem before we can solve it. We cannot solve a problem by hoping that someone else will solve it for us.† Using education as a key to succeed is my responsibility. I realized that I am the person who has to deal with my future, and it was time for me to solve it. â€Å"I feel passionately that all of us can control our own destinies. Students should plan for a realistic career, get themselves organized, learn to persist, be positive, and open themselves to growth† (Coleman). I was determined to change, to create a new attitude. I wanted to learn not just for the grades, but also for the knowledge. From that moment, I told myself to be more concerned with the information than with the grades. The information is what education really is, while the grades are sometimes merely an outward factor. I began refusing to use the phrase â€Å"just study enough† as an excuse for not trying. However, several times, when I felt regretful for having held the wrong attitude for such a long time, again, I found my concerns reflected in â€Å"Voices and Values†. Most of the people in that book started their education a little late and faced many difficulties. Even so, they were seriously struggling, combating, and they overcame their own obstacles. At the age of nineteen, I am ready to be a go-getter, to thrive with a new passion which has been redefined. I will always cherish the moment that I touched that book, â€Å"Voices and Values†, that has spiritually changed who I am.†

Good afternoon friends Essay

The theme of Vicki L. Sears â€Å"Grace† can be seen in the relationship that develops between two of the characters, Billie Jim and Paul. Billie is an orphan who gets along with his sister and is adopted by Paul and his wife. Billie displays a desire to trust and accept their new parents while sister remains suspicious. Vickie Sears illustrate that although children suffer abuse and neglect, there is hope that they can learn to trust and build self-esteem. Billie Jim is a silent child who relies on his sister to protect him. Paul and his wife come to get them but Billie is hiding in a tree to escape from some of the bigger boys. His sister steps in and fights the older boys to get Billie down. She describes him as a â€Å"sissy†. Billie has to use the bathroom, but instead of asking their new parents he pinches his sister. Paul takes him to the restroom and his sisters concern gives us an understanding into prior abuse and possible reasons for Billie Jim’s reserved behavior. Although Paul would never hurt Billie Jim intentionally at the  end of the story he does. His death not only means an end to their relationship, but also an end to their secure home and protection. Billie loses the starring role along with the friend he has made, and is back into his uncertain life led by corrupt adults. â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara is when Toni attended college and come of age as a writer. Bambara was at the head of radical politics, the feminist movement, and African American culture in Harlem when it was the 60’s. Her writing uncovers the differences forced on  African Americans of that time which America avoided and could not interfere. The story is a window for the reader into Bambara’s reality as much as it is a lesson for the immature woman Sylvia the main character. â€Å"The Lesson† is a first person narrative told by a young, poor, black girl growing up in Harlem in an undetermined time period known as â€Å"Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish, Sugar and I were the only ones just right†. Going by the prices some can accept it was sometime in the early seventies. The story is about a trip started by a local woman, who is the only educated person in the neighborhood and has taken it upon herself to uncover the unthankful children of the neighborhood to the world outside of their worried community. The last stop is FAO Schwartz in Manhattan, where the toys of white children cost more than all of the children’s household yearly incomes combined and the lesson is almost lost on the children. The story closes by making plans to spend the left over cab fare change they stole from Miss Moore. At the last second Sylvia turns on her friend and goes off alone to think of the events of the day. The story’s theme focuses on education and the need for education as the results of knowledge. It proves how learning can lead to grief but that the grief is necessary for helpful change. The author also studies different types of pride and purposes of leadership and the various ways people show respect or disrespect for each other. Underlying the entire story is the concept of economic difference between whites and blacks in the United States.

Rahsaan Example College Application Essay

Rahsaan Example College Application Essay Rahsaan Example College Application Essay Universal First-Year Admissions Application college application This form is developed for, and is to be used by, the members of the Universal College Application. All members evaluate this form equally with all other forms accepted by the institution. Please type or print neatly. Please enter your name as it appears on your passport or other official documents. Legal Name permanent address Street Address Apt. # Begin with Area or Country Code Begin with Area or Country Code Please give your current address for all admission correspondence, if different from above. current mailing address Street Address Apt. # Begin with Area or Country Code (mm/dd/yyyy) (mm/dd/yyyy) citizenship US Citizen Other Citizenship ethnicity Race/Ethnicity information is optional. Information you provide will not be used in a discriminatory manner. Are you Hispanic or Latino? No (country of family’s origin ) How would you describe your racial background? (select one or more of the following categories): family information parent/guardian #1 parent/guardian #2 Your parents are If divorced, list date With whom do you reside? Parent/Guardian#2 List names, genders, and ages of your siblings, college (if any), degree(s), and dates of attendance. Name Gender Age Institution Degree(s) Dates academic information Are you currently enrolled in school? No Will/did you graduate from High School early? No Did you receive a GED? No If so, list date: (Please send official scores from testing agency) (mm/yyyy) If your education has been interrupted, please detail your activities since last enrolled. Please attach your response to the end of the application. current year’s courses Please list name, level (Honors, AP, IB, etc.) and credit value of your current year’s courses. Semester #1/Trimester #1 Semester #2/Trimester #2 Trimester #3 List all other high schools, colleges/universities (including summers), and academic programs you attended, beginning with ninth grade. You must submit transcripts from each school. other high schools School Name CEEB Code Dates Attended Location colleges/universities School Name CEEB Code Dates Attended Location ap/ib test scores Please list any Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate exams taken along with the test date and score. Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score standardized test information List your test scores below. You must have the testing agency send official scores to each institution to which you are applying. SAT Reasoning SAT Subject Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score ACT Test Date English Math Reading Science Composite Combination English/Writing Test Date English Math Reading Science Composite Combination English/Writing Test of English as a Foreign Language Test Date Subject Score Test Date Subject Score (TOEFL or other exam) academic distinctions Please list any academic or educational awards and honors you received in high school (e.g. National Merit, National Honor Society). Please attach your response to the end of the application. extracurricular and volunteer information (including summer) Please list any significant extracurricular or community activities and hobbies in which you have participated. Include specific accomplishments such as musical accolades, athletic distinctions, etc. (Please note: â€Å"PG† means Post-Graduate) Activity Grade Level Specific Accomplishments Hours/ Weeks/ Will you participate Week Year in college? employment information List any work experience

Calculate Root Mean Square Velocity of Gas Particles

Calculate Root Mean Square Velocity of Gas Particles This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the root mean square velocity of particles in an ideal gas. This value is the square root of the average velocity-squared of molecules in a gas. While the value is an approximation, especially for real gases, it offers useful information when studying kinetic theory. Root Mean Square Velocity Problem What is the average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C? Solution Gases consist of atoms or molecules that move at different speeds in random directions. The root means square velocity (RMS velocity) is a way to find a single velocity value for the particles.  The average velocity of gas particles is found using the root mean square velocity formulaÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½whereÃŽ ¼rms root mean square velocity in m/secR ideal gas constant 8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·molT absolute temperature in KelvinM mass of a mole of the gas in kilograms. Really, the RMS calculation gives you root mean square speed, not velocity. This is because velocity is a vector quantity, which has  magnitude and direction. The RMS calculation only gives the magnitude or speed.The temperature must be converted to Kelvin and the molar mass must be found in kg to complete this problem. Step 1 Find the absolute temperature using the Celsius to Kelvin conversion formula:T  °C 273T 0 273T 273 K Step 2 Find molar mass in kg:From the periodic table, the molar mass of oxygen 16 g/mol.Oxygen gas (O2) is comprised of two oxygen atoms bonded together. Therefore:molar mass of O2 2 x 16molar mass of O2 32 g/molConvert this to kg/mol:molar mass of O2 32 g/mol x 1 kg/1000 gmolar mass of O2 3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol Step 3 Find ÃŽ ¼rmsÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½ÃŽ ¼rms [3(8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·mol)(273 K)/3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol] ½ÃŽ ¼rms (2.128 x 105 m2/sec2) ½ÃŽ ¼rms 461 m/sec Answer The average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C is 461 m/sec.

Chlorine From Periodic Table of the Elements

Chlorine From Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Number: 17 Symbol: Cl Atomic Weight: 35.4527 Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5 Word Origin: Greek: khloros: greenish-yellow Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98Â °C, boiling point of -34.6Â °C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6Â °C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group of elements and directly combines with almost all of the other elements. Chlorine gas is a greenish yellow. Chlorine figures prominently in many organic chemistry reactions, particularly in substitutions with hydrogen. The gas acts as an irritant for respiratory and other mucous membranes. The liquid form will burn the skin. Humans can smell as low an amount as 3.5 ppm. A few breaths at a concentration of 1000 ppm is usually fatal. Uses: Chlorine is used in many everyday products. It is used for disinfecting drinking water. Chlorine is used in the production of textiles, paper products, dyes, petroleum products, medicines, insecticides, disinfectants, foods, solvents, plastics, paints, and many other products. The element is used to manufacture chlorates, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and in the extraction of bromine. Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent. Sources: In nature, chlorine is only found in the combined state, most commonly with sodium as NaCl and in carnallite (KMgCl36H2O) and sylvite (KCl). The element is obtained from chlorides by electrolysis or via the action of oxidizing agents. Element Classification: Halogen Chlorine Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.56 ( -33.6 Â °C) Melting Point (K): 172.2 Boiling Point (K): 238.6 Appearance: greenish-yellow, irritating gas. At high pressure or low temperature: red to clear. Isotopes: 16 known isotopes with atomic masses ranging from 31 to 46 amu. Cl-35 and Cl-37 are both stable isotopes with Cl-35 as the most abundant form (75.8%).Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 99 Ionic Radius: 27 (7e) 181 (-1e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.477 (Cl-Cl) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 6.41 (Cl-Cl) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 20.41 (Cl-Cl) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.16 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1254.9 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.240 CAS Registry Number: 7782-50-5 Interesting Trivia: Chlorine leaks in containers are detected using ammonia. Ammonia will react with the chlorine and form a white mist above the leak.The most common natural chlorine compound on Earth is sodium chloride or table salt.Chlorine is the 21st most abundant element in the Earths crustChlorine is the third most abundant element in the Earths oceansChlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. Chlorine is heavier than air and would form a deadly layer in low-lying foxholes and trenches. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Culture Analysis and Its Application in Business in Mexico Essay

Culture Analysis and Its Application in Business in Mexico - Essay Example There are varied elements of culture which differentiates it from one another. Thus, culture envelopes each individual and tends to deal with every aspect of an individual life (Storey, 2006). This is basically due to the fact that culture is an organized approach rather than a random happening. Thus, it can be inferred that the individual recognitions, identifications, assumptions, assessments and considerations are anticipated from cultural beliefs and norms. Hence, it can be affirmed from the above discussion that culture is ‘adaptive’ but it comprises of certain facts which might be ‘maladaptive’. Thus, the way of interaction of individuals differs from one another along with the style and emotional terminologies (Kuper, 2000). According to Hofstede (n.d.), culture is defined as the phenomenon consisting of certain core values which facilitate in shaping the personality traits of an individual. Thus, culture is one of the integral parts of a human being which helps to shape the values and behaviors of an individual in a specific group. Therefore, it can be stated that it is the culture, which differentiates one individual from another. Besides, the culture of an individual constantly changes with the alteration of places and situations (Hofstede, n.d.). In addition, there are varied elements which influence individual culture namely languages, norms, values, religions, beliefs, cultural assimilations and social collectiveness among others. Language is also one of the significant elements of culture. Language is a set of signs or symbols which is used regarding communication with one another. It helps to recognize or label varied equipments or things in the world,...Mexico is an ancient county situated in North America sharing its border with United States of America. With regards to its culture, Mexico has altered in a rapid pace during the 20th centuries. One of the major reasons for this alteration can be regarded as the migratio n trends linking Mexico with US that in turn influence the cultural patterns of both the nations. Thus, the culture of Mexico is highly affected by the trends of its neighboring nations. The number of foreign-born populace of Mexico amplified from 0.8 million in the year 1970 to 2.2 million in the year 1980 and about 4.3 million in 1990. Finally, it amounted to about 7.0 million in the year 1997. Hence, it can be said that the culture of Mexico is highly influenced by the culture of US. The existing life style of this country became widely alike to that of the countries from which it witnesses highest rate of migration such as US and England. However, most Mexican villagers are yet observed to pursue the older way of living in order to maintain the preliminary culture. Besides, the culture which prevails in the cities of Mexico is rather different as it strongly influenced by the neighborhood ethnicities which in itself is a versatile phenomenon. This is due to the fact that large number of inhabitants entered the city of Mexico from other neighboring countries. As a result, currently there exist varied subdivisions within the nation of Mexico. The cultural environment in Mexico also includes differences in terms of fooding habits, social issues, languages, arts, social lifestyles, educational outlooks, cultural histories, clothing behaviors, religions and customs among others (Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange).

Financial Markets and Institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Assignment Example The basic foundation of a central bank serving as a lender of last resort is that in an economy, panics can occur which leads to bank runs. In such a situation, those maintaining deposits in commercial banks withdraw their funds from the bank as a result of economic speculation or fear over negative economic consequences. During a bank run, commercial banks can become insolvent, requiring the assistance of an institution (the central bank) to ensure that banks maintain liquidity is such a phenomenon occurs. Being the lender of last resort has become controversial, especially considering events during the recent global economic recession where many central banks injected capital into banks that were facing insolvency. Over-reliance on the central bank impacts other sectors in an economy. This essay explores the role of the central bank, emphasising why being a lender of last resort maintains many controversial implications from multiple perspectives. Evidence is that the controversy hails from irresponsible banking management and from poor fiscal policy developments concocted by the central bank itself. Central banks supply liquidity insurance to the commercial banking system which consequently endows liquidity insurance to other aspects of an economy, including corporations. Funds available for this action in a central bank encompasses notes held by public investors and reserves (deposits) sustained by a nation’s banks. These funds are manifested by the central bank as a result of autonomous will assuring that its value is comparable to products and services value in the economy. It is through these activities that an economy achieves macroeconomic stability. Concurrently, the central bank mandates the reserves that must be held by banks to insulate them from potential bank runs. Therefore, the central bank guarantees that commercial banks meet stringent standards of ensuring solvency. However, in 2007, many commercial

The differences of social dance between east coast and west coast Essay

The differences of social dance between east coast and west coast - Essay Example The tradition of storytelling that was a popular mode of communication in Africa was transported to America when they were made slaves against their will. â€Å"One way they would cope with the tremendous amount of pain & heartbreak of slavery would be to sing. While they were working in the fields they would often sing using â€Å"call to answer†. One leader would call out a certain part of a song and the rest of the slaves would answer with the next line. In modern times performing artists call this emceeing or crowd participation† (Mize). With this rap music travelled through cities and was accepted as a new yet entertaining form of music. In 1970’s rap music gained popularity and with the first release of the music album by Sugarhill Gang it became to be known as a proper genre. â€Å"By the 1990s, rap matured from an old-school-style – which was based o ­n relatively simple lyrics – to a new-school-style, which was louder and included more complex lyrics† (plasticlittleraps). It completely revolutionized the music and youngsters began to follow their favorite rap singers. The popular rap singers were Tupac and Wallace aka The Notorious Big; they were contemporaries and belonged to West and East coasts respectively. These two popular figures were assassinated and to this date the mystery of the murder still remains an enigma. Tupac was killed to avenge the insult and humiliation of one of the members of the Crips. After his murder in 1996, Wallace was associated with the murder under suspicion. To avoid any sort of trouble he made it clear in the press that he is remotely involved in the murder. However despite his justifications 6 months later in 1997 he was killed by unknown assailants. With this the rivalry between East Coast and the West coast grew and became stronger over the years to a degree that even today these coasts differ

Energy, Sustainability and Renewability Assignment

Energy, Sustainability and Renewability - Assignment Example Various issues will be discussed in this assignment related to energy and its other variables. KEY TERMINOLIGIES For better understanding of this report some key terminologies have to be discussed in detail. These terms are the essence of this paper and cannot be comprehended without excessive research from different books and journals related to physics. Energy Although energy has been described in the introductory paragraph, a further analysis will be produced here. As described before that the ability of a system to do work on another system is known as energy. Coming towards the sub-division or the types of energy present in the language of physics. Energy can be divided into mechanical, solar, thermal, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic and nuclear energy. Mechanical energy is further broken down into two very important categories, potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy is the form of energy stored in a body for e.g. a fully stretched elastic band and kinetic energy i s the one when a body is motion for e.g. the same elastic band when being released. Sustainable Energy The fact that energy is utilized by burning or disfiguring other natural resources brings about the change in thinking of man, can we provide energy otherwise? The answer to this lies in the definition of sustainable energy. It is the provision of energy that meets the need without compromising the ability to generate energy in the future (Smith, 1998). Several factors go into making energy sustainable. The first is whether or not the current use of the energy is something which could potentially persist into the future, which leads many forms of renewable energy to qualify as sustainable. Therefore renewable and sustainable can be termed as in-lieu terminologies. Some of the renewable energy sources are hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bio-energy, and tidal power. Examples Some of the examples of sustainable/renewable will be discussed in this report to better understand the various benefits and downsides of this form of energy. Hydroelectricity is the first term that will be discussed. It is one of the most used alternate energy being used in the modern world today. The flow of water in the river is used to turn turbines which in turn produce massive amount of electricity. Then comes wind energy which is the most blossoming alternate energy source in the commercial market is the ability to produce energy with the help of wind. Wind energy has had a huge impact in the energy industries. Wind farms have been set up in various windy cities of the world top produce large amount of electricity. The output power produced has been increasing by the day. The fact is clearly shown by the figure (Maggie, 2008) Issues with Renewable Energy Various questions have been raised with the alternate energy process. Although that the new renewable sources are cheap and effective, still many organizations and researches show that this form of energy production is more harm, since cost effectiveness is not the only issue at hand. Even before the low cost electricity is produced the problem which arises is that the setup of such plants which produce cheap energy, be it a dam or a wind city. Solar panels cost way more than burning fossil fuel and setting millions of panels for sustained energy providence is also a very costly factor. The problem is just not cost effective. Natural and environmental damages have huge costs

Mergers and acquisitions process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers and acquisitions process - Essay Example Despite these findings, companies continue to adopt an M&A strategy for several reasons. One reason is that M&A meets the desire of firms to survive by growing. Another is that the bidding firm either has free cash flow (and cash is king!) or wants to get the free cash flow of the target firm. A third reason points to so-called agency problems between the managers of the bidding firm and the owners of the firm, where managers want to get a larger share of the rewards for taking risks and managing the firm. Another reason is that managers of the bidding firm are overconfident and proud. The fifth reason is the bidding firm might gain some benefits by implementing the M&A strategy that, by putting two firms together, may result in valuable, rare, and costly to imitate advantages. It can also happen that a bidding firm sees some hidden sources of competitive advantage in the target that competitors do not see or that the managers of a target firm either do not realize or could not turn into a source of competitive advantage. This is where a bidder can be justified for merg ing with or buying a target firm because the two firms would create an added advantage (synergy) over other competitors through economies of scope or scale. Implementing M&A is difficult and demands very good managers because the cultures of both firms may be very different. In the case of international M&A, this strategy may be costly because of differences in country cultures (like when Renault of France bought Nissan of Japan) and would need good managers to succeed. An ideal cross-country M&A is one where economies of scope can be gained without having to integrate the different firm and country cultures. Case 3-1: eBay eBay is a pioneer online auction firm that had to decide how to create more value from a new strategy of going into on-line auction drop-off selling to increase sales. Drop-off selling refers to selling items online for other people, with a seller or consignee collecting items for sale from the client or consignor. The consignee handles the whole listing and selling process and then pays the proceeds of the sale to the client, less the commission. This would capture sellers who have items to sell but who neither have the time nor the patience to advertise these items on-line. The company's initial success, built on a first-mover advantage as an on-line auction site, became the foundation for a cost leadership growth strategy achieved by offering low listing fees. In the process of accelerated growth in numbers of customers and sales volume, eBay developed into an on-line community that offered unmatched speed, safety, and security through an effective member feedback mechanism where users rated each other for every transaction made. eBay's profits grew by attracting more buyers and building the infrastructure needed to support both buyers and sellers. However, like brick-and-mortar shops, eBay's sales were seasonal, spiking during the holiday season but remaining flat the rest of the year. The drop-off selling strategy, a form of diversification into a related business that would add value to the core business of on-line auctions, was designed to increase customer traffic to its sites by making it easier for sellers to list their goods and for buyers to enjoy a wider variety of products to choose from. It also allowed eBay to transact high value-added items and compete with the more established

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi - Term Paper Example PepsiCo was founded in 1965 following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Its motto is ‘Something for everyone’. The company operates in over 200 countries across the globe and generates sizeable net sales annually. Crystal Pepsi was first introduced in 1992 but was withdrawn by the end of 1993 due to very low sales. However, it is possible to re-launch the product through intensive marketing activities and flavor changes.The company’s first priority is to build and manage its brand through the yet to be established Brand Charter. Above all, the company needs to increase its marketing endeavors to be able to compete effectively with the giants in the industry. The company intends to generate over $1.78 billion in net sales before the end of 2015 from Crystal Pepsi by investing about $850 million in marketing endeavors within the next three years, ending 2015.The mother of PepsiCo was Pepsi Cola Company, which was founded in 1898 in North Carolina. In 1965, PepsiCo was formed following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. PepsiCo motto is ‘Something for everyone’, a statement that perpetuates consumer inclusion. The company produces assorted beverages and snacks, which are sold in over 200 countries across the globe. PepsiCo generated net sales of $66.5 billion and $57.8 billion in 2011 and 2010 respectively. 1.2 Past Crystal Pepsi.The introduction of Crystal Pepsi in 1992 was informed by health concerns, especially increasing levels of obesity. As a result, PepsiCo promised its customers and consumers that it will use healthy ingredients to produce products and provide health benefits in its products. Since its inception on 12th April 1992, Crystal Pepsi had been perceived as a fad because it failed to deliver its value propositions to its consumers (Susan 53). In addition, its name was controversial, especially when connected with the brand Pepsi known to many for its coke products, which are considered to contain caffeine and caramel. In fact, it tasted like coke though colorless thus confusing the consumers. As a result, its sales momentum faded in 1993 and it was thus discontinued. 1.3 Strategic Opportunity Most people are becoming health conscious, therefore, there is need to provide products that meet their needs. According to PepsiCo Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Ms. Nooyi, PepsiC o need to be refocused to accommodate emerging needs of health conscious consumers. In response to this need, the company continues to invest to grow its nutritional business from $10 billion to $30 billion in annualized sales by end of 2030. Again, PepsiCo needs to advertise more. Unlike, Coca- Cola Company whose products are featured regularly in most advertising, PepsiCo brands appear less in commercials. As a result, Coca cola and diet coke are brands that rank first and second before any Pepsi product because it spends more on advertising. If PepsiCo positions itself properly, it will gain from 14.5% growth expected to be experienced in the industry by the end of 2016 to reach annualized sales of $222.7 billion (Market-Line 22-26). 1.4 Objectives 1. To sell over 407.6 million litres of Crystal Pepsi and generate about $400 million from North America, Canada, China and Middle East regions by 31st December 2013 2. To sell over 611.4 million litres of

Mergers and acquisitions process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers and acquisitions process - Essay Example Despite these findings, companies continue to adopt an M&A strategy for several reasons. One reason is that M&A meets the desire of firms to survive by growing. Another is that the bidding firm either has free cash flow (and cash is king!) or wants to get the free cash flow of the target firm. A third reason points to so-called agency problems between the managers of the bidding firm and the owners of the firm, where managers want to get a larger share of the rewards for taking risks and managing the firm. Another reason is that managers of the bidding firm are overconfident and proud. The fifth reason is the bidding firm might gain some benefits by implementing the M&A strategy that, by putting two firms together, may result in valuable, rare, and costly to imitate advantages. It can also happen that a bidding firm sees some hidden sources of competitive advantage in the target that competitors do not see or that the managers of a target firm either do not realize or could not turn into a source of competitive advantage. This is where a bidder can be justified for merg ing with or buying a target firm because the two firms would create an added advantage (synergy) over other competitors through economies of scope or scale. Implementing M&A is difficult and demands very good managers because the cultures of both firms may be very different. In the case of international M&A, this strategy may be costly because of differences in country cultures (like when Renault of France bought Nissan of Japan) and would need good managers to succeed. An ideal cross-country M&A is one where economies of scope can be gained without having to integrate the different firm and country cultures. Case 3-1: eBay eBay is a pioneer online auction firm that had to decide how to create more value from a new strategy of going into on-line auction drop-off selling to increase sales. Drop-off selling refers to selling items online for other people, with a seller or consignee collecting items for sale from the client or consignor. The consignee handles the whole listing and selling process and then pays the proceeds of the sale to the client, less the commission. This would capture sellers who have items to sell but who neither have the time nor the patience to advertise these items on-line. The company's initial success, built on a first-mover advantage as an on-line auction site, became the foundation for a cost leadership growth strategy achieved by offering low listing fees. In the process of accelerated growth in numbers of customers and sales volume, eBay developed into an on-line community that offered unmatched speed, safety, and security through an effective member feedback mechanism where users rated each other for every transaction made. eBay's profits grew by attracting more buyers and building the infrastructure needed to support both buyers and sellers. However, like brick-and-mortar shops, eBay's sales were seasonal, spiking during the holiday season but remaining flat the rest of the year. The drop-off selling strategy, a form of diversification into a related business that would add value to the core business of on-line auctions, was designed to increase customer traffic to its sites by making it easier for sellers to list their goods and for buyers to enjoy a wider variety of products to choose from. It also allowed eBay to transact high value-added items and compete with the more established

Legacy leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legacy leader - Essay Example A legacy leader knows that the success of the organization depends on the productive and heartfelt performance of the employees. It is all about motivating the members of the organization to serve its customers with warmth and enthusiasm. One remarkable example of a legacy leader in the hospitality industry is J. Willard Marriott. The leadership legacy of the father, J. Willard Marriott, was passed on to his son, J.W. ‘Bill’ Marriott (Burwash, 2008). Admired throughout the hospitality industry for his practical approach to leadership, J.W. Marriott has developed a reputable culture that focuses on the people and acknowledges the value they endow the organization with. He is a perfect example of a legacy leader because he emphasizes the importance of a positive employee culture. He also values diversity and continuously tries to build a multicultural workforce. He only wants the best for their customers. He embraces the doctrine of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. The hospitality industry, for an ideal legacy leader like J. Willard Marriott, is all about this

Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management Essay Under what conditions is a group performance related pay scheme likely to fail? Should organisations employ only individual PRP schemes? Performance related pay (PRP), or merit pay, as it is often called, can be defined as the explicit link of financial reward to individual, group or company performance, or any combination of the three. In simple words, this means that the better the individual, group or company performs, the higher the financial reward will be for the worker. This reward can be in the form of a pay-rise, bonus, benefit such as a company house or car, or any such financial incentive that will in effect, motivate the employee to work even harder, and produce even better results. There are also different fixed types of PRP schemes, such as commission, profit-related pay, piece-rate (which is a more primitive method, as compared to the now modernistic methods that have been incorporated into management). PRP schemes are often categorised into three stages; The nature of the performance criteria, how performance against such criteria is assessed, and how this assessment is linked to pay. In accordance to these three approaches, it is possible to differentiate between individual schemes, and group approaches. This brings us to the focus of the discussion, which questions what could bring about the failure of group PRP schemes. This could come about due to many reasons. Some of the more basic ones being that particular members of the group might not be motivated, or hard-working enough to put in that effort in order to reap the benefits. Thus, due to certain individuals, the whole group could end up losing out on that financial gain. Normally when employing group schemes, it is specifically aimed at project completion, or some other such activity. The incentive normally given to the group in these situations, is in terms of either profit-sharing, or share ownership schemes. These normally provide the workers with a sense of producing enhanced performance, or showing strong commitment to the completion of the project. Other ways in which group PRP may fail is due to workers not getting along well together, or not communicating well with one another. This could be due to reasons such as some of them getting higher profit shares than others, or along other lines, some of them wanting to lead the group, or show their leadership abilities in order to impress their superiors. Also, it can divide the workforce into those supporting the plan, and those against it, which can then go on to create adversarial relationships. High levels of competition can be formed within the group. Offering financial incentives is a motivational tactic employed by the managers of firms, however, as Maslows hierarchy suggests, workers have other needs as well. Once their financial needs are satisfied, they move on to needs such as social, esteem, and self-actualisation. They need to feel that they belong, and they need to feel comfortable in their work environment. Offering them these financial rewards might make some of them feel as though they are robots, working just for money. This brings in Taylors theory of Scientific Management. He said that workers are robots, and as long as you pay them and satisfy their basic needs, they will work. However, this brings about dissatisfaction. In this sort of scenario, PRP could fail as well. The following table is an indication of the different PRP schemes, and how they function; Types of PRP schemes Nature of Performance Criteria How Performance is Assessed How Performance is Linked to Pay Individual PRP schemes Individual results, either in terms of inputs or outputs By individual appraisal with a superior, often against mutually agreed targets Either by a predetermined bonus or by movement within an incremental salary band Group PRP schemes Group or company performance, either in terms of profit or project targets According to a pre-determined formula based on company results for a specified period In terms of a regular bonus or various forms of share options applicable to all those involved in the scheme This brings us to individual PRP schemes. This is a system, which fulfils a number of functions that are relevant to organisational effectiveness. It has some features which are very favourable; Firstly, financial gain to the company is a prospect, since this system reduces the fixed pay-bill. This is done by the company paying out only based on what they get back in return, that is quality goods. Secondly, it is an effective method in terms of recruiting, and retaining because of the assumption that it will be attractive to quality employees, and unattractive to poor workers, whom the firm would be glad to part with. Also, it is a fairer method of payment, this being because it does not reward both, high and low performers equally, but only rewards them based on output, or productivity. Lastly, it is held to focus effort where the organisation wants it, strengthening the performance, planning process, and generally encouraging a performance-oriented culture, emphasising results rath er than effort. There are many advantages of an individual PRP scheme, as well as many failures. Firstly, the advantages are that individual differences in job performance are great enough to be worth the time and effort it takes management to measure and relate pay to them. Also, the pay ranges are wide enough to allow for significant base-pay differences among employees on the same job. Management is able to validly, and reliably measure individual differences in job performance. Another advantage is that the appraisers are skilful in employee performance planning and appraisal. The organisations culture supports performance-based pay. This can be said because it works out to be more cost-effective, as well as to be more production effective for the firm. A very important benefit of using this system is that the level of compensation technology in the organisation is reasonably high, the pay structures are equitable and competitive, and management knows how to relate pay to performance. Because of the well-carried out appraisals, the level of trust between the managers and employees is high. Individual PRP schemes also allow for the worker to put in their best, because it is a form of motivation. Offering financial incentives makes the worker work harder, and longer, and at the same time, by offering profit sharing as an incentive, it helps maintain the feeling that they are still a part of the firm, and are a contributing factor. They get a sense of belonging, and thus are comfortable in their work environment, thus making them work harder and better. Individual PRP schemes also allow mangers the will to manage, that is, the willingness to establish and communicate performance criteria and standards and the willingness to make tough human-resource decisions. Although these individual schemes have a lot of advantages and benefits, they also do have some points of failure. This could be due to the fact that the factors that encourage success, could also result in a preoccupation with the task at hand, and do not relate individual performance to the larger company objectives. This leading to the smaller things being accomplished, but the big picture of the company, and the goals that they set not getting achieved. PRP works against creating a climate of openness, trust, joint problem solving, and commitment to organisational objectives. This is again in terms of specialisation taking place. The worker will concentrate on only his specific task at hand, and the rest of the company objectives will get left behind. On the other hand, group schemes provide the chance for the company objectives on the whole to get achieved, as well as the smaller tasks simultaneously being carried out. Also, as mentioned earlier, individual PRP can also divide the workforce into those supporting the plan, and those against it, which could create adversarial relationships within the workforce. As one can see, there are advantages and disadvantages to both, individual and group PRP schemes. I dont think it possible to be able to generalise and say that one is better than the other, and that firms should use only one or the other. It mostly depends on the type of goal the firm is setting, what they want to achieve, and how they want to achieve it, which can help decide which system to use when. PRP schemes on the whole, are being used so far and wide these days by firms, and it is essential to the overall success, and progress of the firm, that they know when to use which type of scheme. Thus, I think it is not possible to say that organisations should employ only PRP schemes, I think it mostly depends on the situation, and the goal to be achieved. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Hendry, C., Human Resource Management A Strategic Approach to Employment, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.: 1995 2. Goss, D., Principles of Human Resource Management, Routledge: 1994 3. Storey, J., Human Resource Management, A Critical Text, Routledge: 1995 4. Towers, B., The Handbook of Human Resource Management, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.: 1996

Mental Health Issues: Demographics, Types and Treatments

Mental Health Issues: Demographics, Types and Treatments Mental health issues May 6 2015 Table of Contents 1 (a) MOST PREVALENT MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES 1 (b) DEMOGRAPHICS OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES 1 (c) IMPACT OF MENTAL HEALTH ILLNESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE COUNTRY 1(d) PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS 2. IS MARCIA MENTALLY ILL? References 1 (a) MOST PREVALENT MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES Mental health is addressed to a degree of emotional well-being or simply the absence of any mental disorder. In simpler terms, mental health may be defined as an individual’s capability to be able to enjoy life while creating a balance between the routine life activities and adjusting to the adversity and stress in life According to World Health Organization (WHO) ,mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of ones intellectual and emotional potential, among others (WHO Programme for Mental Health, 1985). The mental health issues or simply mental illness is a disorder o the brain functioning. This may result from complicated interactions in between a person’s genetics and environment. The causes may vary in each individual depending upon the type of mental illness (Mental Illness, History, 2005). Some of the most prevalent mental health issues globally are- Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders further include specific fears, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, etc (Anxiety disorder, 2010). Mood Disorders: These include major depressive disorder, also called as clinical depression and bipolar disorder Psychotic Disorders: alteration of thinking perception and behaviour. These include schizophrenia and other delusional disorders Personality Disorders Eating Disorders: These include anorexia nervosa, binge eating and bulimia nervosa (Farmer, Treasure and Szmukler, 1986). Developmental Disorders: ADHD and autism are included in this category. Behavioural Disorders Addictions: Disorders of craving Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 1 (b) DEMOGRAPHICS OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES Each individual is unique and so are the factors causing mental illness. It is measured that people living in poor socio-economic conditions are more prone to the common mental disorders namey anxiety and depression. This is further worsened by unemployment, poor education status and other financial disadvantages. The most common mental illness in UK today is anxiety. It accounts for affecting 9.2% of the total population.Next in line is depression affecting one in 200 children under the age group of 12 years (Voelker, 1999). This ratio decreases in teenagers to three in 100 . 29% of adults from all areas of life are affected by sleep disorders. In Britain, the prevalence of personality disorder is between 2-13% of the population when men are more affected than women(5.4:3.4%). Another striking study shows the prevalence of schizophrenia at 5 per 1000 individuals each year.ADHD 1.7% of the population of UK. Every year a large number of people would have their lives altered by an mental health issue and it is hence essential that we try to find however much we can about the improvement, onset and treatment of these psychological health issues. 1 (c) IMPACT OF MENTAL HEALTH ILLNESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE COUNTRY Most individuals with mental health issues are tested doubly. People with mental issue are at more risk for compromised quality of life, difficulties in education, poverty due to lower productivity, social issues, prone to abuse, and other health issues. education is almost always compromised due to the early onset of mental health issues which keep people from finishing their training or effectively seeking after a career.also, mental health issues bring about decreased individual productivity due to unemployment, missed work, and diminished profitability at work. This antagonistic cycle might likewise add to high rates of homeless people with mental disorders. Despite the fact that the particular societal effect of mental sickness fluctuates among societies and countries, untreated dysfunctional behavior has noteworthy expenses to society. At the point when mental sickness expenditures and loss of profitability are both considered, the WHO evaluated that mental issue cost national economies a few billion dollars annually.In expansion, mental health issues can compound other general health issues, expanding the weight on national economies and blocking global general health efforts.Although the dominant part of people with dysfunctional behavior dont show risky practices, violence and detainment among rationally sick people can put a critical burden and social weight on communities and countries. 1(d) PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS How each individual deals with his mental illness is unique.Sadly, numerous individuals have negative perception of mental health issues. Pessimistic attitudes and an absence of comprehension can bring about individuals with mental health issues to be dealt with wrongfully or labelled in a manner that damages their stand in the society. This is once in a while called stigma, and can influence those with mental or emotional issues and their jobs and families (Thomlinson, 2006). Disposition toward mental health issues variate among people, families, ethnicities, societies, and nations. Social and religious teachings regularly impact convictions about the inceptions and nature of mental sickness, and shape mentality towards the rationally sick (Wallach, 2004). In addition to impacting whether mentally sick people experience societal stigma, beliefs about mental illness can influence patients status and ability to look for and hold fast to treatment. Subsequently, understanding individual and social convictions about altered mental behavior is key for implementing compelling ways to deal with mental health care. 2. IS MARCIA MENTALLY ILL? Our emotional well- being, psychological well -being and social well-being all put together as one defines what we call as mental health (Bhadra, 2012). A healthy mind is essential in all stages of life beginning from childhood and teenage to adulthood. Mental health affects how we feel, what we think and how we act. Marcia though brilliant in her field of work seems to suffer from mental illness. This is underlined by the fact that she stays in her house for days together and even gets her shopping home delivered. She keps herself away from people and the routine activities of life. Her sleep patterns and eating habits are disturbed as she sleeps late at night and even forgets to eat food. Though competent in her work, she failst o maintain her hygiene and does not even perform the basic task of bathing each day. She feels happy in her qon little coccon and does not want to open up and mix with people around her. All these symptoms, though very normal to look at could be masking a serious mental health issue. Marcia should consult with a specialist and change her attitude towards looking at things. She should socialize as man is a social animal and should take care of her health by monitoring her sleep and food patterns. References Anxiety disorder. (2010). BMJ, 340(apr07 1), pp.c1839-c1839. Bhadra, M. (2012). Mental Health Mental Illness: Our Responsibility. Health Renaissance, 10(1). Farmer, A., Treasure, J. and Szmukler, G. (1986). Eating Disorders: A Review of Recent Research. Digestive Diseases, 4(1), pp.13-25. Mental Illness, History. (2005). JAMA, 293(8), p.1007. Thomlinson, P. (2006). Dissecting the Stigma of Mental Illness. PsycCRITIQUES, 51(16). Voelker, R. (1999). Depression in the UK. JAMA, 282(22), p.2111. Wallach, H. (2004). Changes in Attitudes Towards Mental Illness Following Exposure. Community Ment Health J, 40(3), pp.235-248. WHO Programme for Mental Health. (1985). Psychiatric Bulletin, 9(8), pp.158-158.

Sex in the Media Essay examples -- Media Essays

Media Essay Advanced Composition No Means No "I don't believe in rape. No means no. Wait, if no meant no, all men would die a virgin. No means work on the neck, the nipples and come back in five minutes. I'm not saying a father should give this version of the birds and bees to his son. Listen she's gonna block your hands four or five times at least. I didn't raise you to be a quitter out there now did I. She wouldn't dress like that if she didn't want to get fingered." Comedian, Daniel Tosh expressed this quote meaning for it to be harmful. But, is it really harmful? Is this what society really thinks? Are women supposed to be easy? Do men need to take control and get what they want? A simple joke can be seen as what our society really thinks subconsciously. I believe our society has changed greatly from the past. Skirts are getting shorter, bikinis smaller. People are getting all kinds of plastic surgery to try and make there outer appearance to look even greater. Society has impacted us in a way that most people do not even think about what is happening. Our appearance on the outside has shaped the way society thinks in the present day. Jean Kilbourne in her article, Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt, explains how media has impacted on what we see people to be today. She explains this better for girls but it can be applied to all genders in the situation she explains if people are ugly, fat, disfigured, or handicap they are seen as being the outcast of what normal is. 2 But what is normal? According to Random House Unabridged Dictionary, normal in terms of biology and medicine is only of natural occurrence. In order to be normal there can't be any physical or mental alterations done to make yourself appear normal. Anyone ... ...ading America. Boston, New York: Bedford, 2004. 455-476. Messner, Michael A. "Center of Attention: the Gender of Sports Media." Rereading America. Boston, New York: Bedford, 2004. 477-489. - "Men feel increased pressure to conform to an aggressive dominant male stereotype, which leads to low self-esteem and high incidence of depression." -"Boys feel significant anxiety and sadness about growing up to be men." -"Despite feeling outwardly content, many boys feel deep feelings of loneliness and alienation." Stiles, John. Answers.Com. 04 Mar. 2004. 05 Oct. 2006 . "Advertisement was in excess of $450 billion in the United States." Tannen, Deborah. "Sex, Lies, and Conversation." Rereading America. Boston, New York: Bedford, 2004. 313-317. "Talk is about intimacy. Marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved."

Ethical and Legal Preparations Required for Successful Prosecution of Cases

Most claims of malpractice are filed due to negligence and lack of information in professional relationship. The unprofessional and improper handling client-attorney relationship results in claims of negligence. These claims are founded on the services actually provided. Lawyers who fail to communicate with clients about the realities and difficulties of specific claims. Create the risk of malpractice lawsuits from clients who are dissatisfied, with the belief that the responsibility of loosing their case is basically their lawyer’s problem.Fees disputes are also involved in legal malpractice (Hagan, 1994). Clients are sued by their attorneys for fees, and most clients their defense on malpractice. This kind of defense can cause reduction if not total elimination, of the fees being recovered by the lawyer. There is a decline of frequency of such claims, perhaps due to the reluctance of lawyers to sue for fees recovery. The most prevalent offences are those of homicide and burg lary. Homicide and Burglary Offenses Throughout space and time, the most serious of crimes turns out to be the unlawful taking of human life.The crime of murder within most legal systems is devoid of statute limitations. This means that the killer faces the law without regard to the elapsed time after the crime has been committed. Investigators of homicide have their solemn duty of bringing the offenders to justice. They acknowledge that justice is not only reserved to the deceased victim, but the friends and family who require a healing process after being left behind. Community safety and human life sanctity demand that justice is served (Hagan, 1994).The closing of a homicide case is considered after the identification, charge and arrest of the suspect. In most case files of Police departments, many such cases dating back to the 60s are waiting still for closure. This is because such cold cases lack the critical evidence or information, required in the identification and charging of a suspect. One of the commonly most encountered crimes is burglary, often under police investigation. Burglary techniques and investigation procedures are usually outlined for particular scenes of crime.The responsibility of the first officer is to locate the suspect. Incases where the burglary is in progress, apprehending the suspect is the first consideration. Witnesses are located next and separated for later interviews (Fisher & Baca, 2003). The problem is that experienced burglars are fond of minimizing evidence for investigators for the crime scene. The investigator collects evidence left in the form of finger prints, tool marks and shoe prints at the scene of crime. Awareness of the investigator is also stressed on modus operandi or the burglar’s M.O. frequently suspects are responsible for various burglaries in the region, thus by comparing similar cases the investigator is able to narrow down and concentrate on one suspect. This is aided by choosing the safest an d easiest point of entry. Contemporary codifications create class of offences called homicide collectively. Murder is the most serious subclass, followed by the less serious manslaughter and finally ending with justifiable homicide that is at all no crime (Hagan, 1994).In general, intend in causing great harm to the body is not separable from the killing intention. This is because such acts are dangerous inherently that every reasonable individual must realize the possibility of fatality. Thus arguments by defendants harm during their action was not contemplated, does not often form part of the defense. There are different classes of murder degrees in the U. S. – fists , second and third degree. These are liable to varied penalties in the penal code. Conclusion Ethical codes that govern individuals practicing law are embedded in legal ethics.Model rules promulgated by the Bar Association of America, have influenced most jurisdictions in the United States. This model rules bas ically address the relationship between lawyers and clients. Certain features that define legal ethics include; honest statements to other people, the client’s confidence to be respected, forthrightness toward tribunal in addition to professional autonomy. References Fisher, B. & Baca, L. (2003). Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003. Hagan, J. (1994). Crime and Disrepute. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Harlem by Langston Hughes Essay

Harlem has skillfully summed up the pathos and miseries of Afro-American life and its reason for socio-cultural strife in the American society and history in few lines. It contains the two essential element of any great piece of literature i.e. brevity and comprehensiveness. Langston Hughes takes into account the social impact of deferred dream and provides a clear allusion that these deferred dreams went off in the form of social unrest and increased hatred between Black and White communities in the fifties and sixties. Langston skillfully uses the symbols of decadence to epitomize the putrefying society and then suddenly questions about the ultimate outcome. On a broader level, this poem also refers to ‘American Dream’ that aimed at the attainment of material gains only. This social goal neglected the social equity and turned American society into a wasteland.   So true dreams got deferred and exploded in the form of civil rights movement and social-political conflicts of 1960s. He uses powerful imagery to emphasize the magnitude of decadence that deferred dreams bring with the passage of time. For example ‘raisin’ denotes a darkened grape that remains constantly exposed to sun. So a deferred dreams feeds on the pathetic beams of social miseries and turns soar. Although on the surface level the net effect seems negative but one must keep in mind that raisin is savory too. So his revolutionary vision was based on a peaceful and progressive world.   Langston weaved dreams not only for the common Afro-American folk but also for poets of future generations. This dream-maker influenced the future poets to create work based in their own roots and values. So his â€Å"dream deferred† did not â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun† or â€Å"fester like a sore† but â€Å"it explode[d]† in a positive by influencing his reader and future writers alike.

An Archery Test Rig Made Using Computer Aided Design

University Malaysia Pahang Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Project Work Report Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Lecturer’s Declaration We hereby declare that we have checked this project and in our opinion this project is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Signature: Name of Supervisor: Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib Position: Lecturer in Computer Aided Design of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Date: 11 December 2012 STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work in this project work is our own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.The project work has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree or even been used by other industrial or non-industrial company associated. Signature: Name: Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdi ID Number: MA12060 Signature: Name: Poo Suk Seng ID Number: MA11067 Signature: Name: Amirah Fatin Binti Amran ID Number: MA12057 Signature: Name: Lee Sing Soon ID Number: MG11008 Signature: Name: Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirol ID Number: MC12 033 Date: 11 December 2012 ABSTRACT This project work is about creating a strong design based on the topic given to us which is archery test rig.To achieve the project objective, the test rig structure must be design and suitable for place the archery testing apparatus. We need to develop tools that can test the efficiency in archery equipment. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a main shaft and about 15–20 centimeter (6–8 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. This led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery while traditional bows are in a minority.In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. As we know, test rig machine that is use in industrial is very expensive in the market and some way need to be build by engine performance analysis based on functionality of power supply. Hence, our test rig been replaced with modern one where its materials very cheap and easy to find in market. Some sketches software had used like Solidworks to draft out the shape of our archery test rig.Materials selection also included in this designed process. Variable height and angle will be given at various speed by the stretch of bow’s string to see whether performance of archery will decrease or increase. Here, we can analyze at which arrow speed is the optimum of performance from this small mechanical. So, some losses like power and fuel can be decrease. AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Most Benevolent and the most Merciful. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S. A. W.. Every sincere appreciation and gratitude is only to God.Only by His Kindness and Guidance that this project work report is finally completed . In preparing this report, we have in contact with many people and academicians. They had contributed to ward my understanding, thought, and also guidance. In particular, we wish to express my sincere appreciation to our main lecturer, Mr. Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib for his valuable guidance, advice and continuous encouragement, constructive criticism and suggestion throughout this project. Without his continued support and interest, this project work would not have been the same as presented here.My sincere also extends to all our beloved family especially our parents, because if it’s not of their prayer and support we would not be here and done this project work. Moreover, we would like to thanks for all our colleagues and other who has provides assistance at various occasions. Their view tips are useful indeed in helping us to achieve doing this project. Because of their courageous, we can still stand to complete this project. Hence, to all people that direct or indirectly involve accomplishing our project that we were been sincerely thankful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PageSUPER VISOR’S DECLARATIONii STUDENT’S DECLARATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTSvii CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION I. Objective II. Literature Review III. Market Survey IV. Comparison between Our Design and Current Design CHAPTER 2METHODOLOGY I. Plan to Design the Product II. Conducting the Solidworks III. Gantt Chart IV. Flow Chat CHAPTER 3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part VI. New Design Part CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES I.Design Scratching LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVITIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. OBJECTIVE i. To design small test rig for archery’s equipment game. ii. To test a performance of the test rig of the archery’s equipment efficiencies that is the bow and arrow. iii. Survey to mechanical engineering laboratories and also to shop market. iv. To design small mechanical te st rig using Solidworks software. v. To collect and select cheapest components and materials of test rig. vi. Trying to think of a cheap material and good quality to be used as the primary material in test rigs. vii.Design a multifunction test rig structure, means that, there are other components can be added in the future because of the extra spaces. viii. To conduct a simple analysis of the design of the test rig and to set up the full design in Solidworks. II. LITERATURE REVIEW i. INTRODUCTION This chapter will briefly explain about basic concept of archery’s test rig, foundation of test rig performance testing, the importance of test rig performance testing, development of test rig performance testing, principle of jack and a few related studies and journals that have been done by current researchers.All this information is important before furthering to the analysis and study later. ii. BASIC CONCEPT OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE Archery test rig performance characteristics ar e convenient graphical presentation of archery test rig performance. They are constructed from the data obtained during actual test runs of the test rig and are particularly useful in comparing the performance of one bow and arrow with that of another. In this section some of the important performance characteristics of the test rig are discussed.It is to be noted that there is a certain speed, within the speed range of particular length of string stretched, at which force applied that is the length of string stretched will be the maximum. At this point, the maximum speed can therefore be exerted on the bow. For all practical purpose, the spring constant or bow capacity to do work also will maximum at this point. As the speed of the arrow is increased above this speed the quantity of the indicated time will decrease. However, the work output of the test rig increases with the speed due to longer length is executed per spring stretched.It should be note that the external air resistan ce will continue to increase with increased arrow speed until some point is reached where the air resistance almost can be negligible due to rapid movement of speed per second. Test rig are so designed that the maximum speed applied point is reached within various angle and height of the test rig. Increase in speed applied means that the increased targeting can be added per unit time increasing the work output. iii. FOUNDATION OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTINGTest rig performance is really a relative term. Normally it is represented by typical characteristic curves which are functions of testing at some variable of some situation and for our case is archery game. The term performance usually means how well a system designed is doing its job in relation to the input energy or how effectively it is provides useful work in relation to some other comparable industrial test rig machines. Most of the testing of test rig for their performance characteristics takes place under laboratory cond ition.The test rig is connected to a mechanical-based devices such as jack, spring and usual lift up mechanism by lifting the height of the steel in particular joint part. However, the performance characteristics of work, speed versus string stretched, degree of angle, height of devices of bow and arrow are recorded. There are so many types of industrial test rig used but using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. Principle that we used is mainly just simple mechanism that involve physics law and design it using Solidworks software.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. iv. THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTING Today the most common power source is the well-known in industrial test rig machine. This type of test rig machine has been the choice due to efficient and accurate result in testing equipment for an example. For out invention may become natural choice due to low cost and portable properties. The portable characteristics shown may be easy because does not any electrical supply due to mechanical works only use in our test rig and easy to moves by just man-power.Industrial test rig machine as we know it today is not able to comply with future emission demands due to its massive cost and power used not very appropriate for some minority f ield. However, in the future manufactures must come up with new cost-efficient test rig technologies that still deliver the same or improved performance for customer satisfaction. III. MARKET SURVEY Test rig is an apparatus used for assessing the performance of a piece of mechanical or electrical equipment. In our case is to assessing the performance of archery’s equipment that is the bow and arrow.The experiment can be undergoing when we test how far the arrow can shoot in such length per time in particular length of string stretched. Example of test rig used in industrial field: * Aircraft Research Association – Wind Tunnel Testing Facility at Bedford, UK. Detail design for the upgrade of their existing transonic wind tunnel. * Rolls Royce – Aero Engine Test Facility at Derby, UK. Design, supply and site installation of a range of specialist fabricated gas catchers for use while testing jet engine reverse thrust. * Babcock Marine – Devonport Naval Docky ard at Plymouth, UK.Provision of test facilities to allow training of key personnel involved in the nuclear submarine decommissioning programmed. As an addition, from a long-term perspective, the most important sector linking Turkey to the global economy is manufacturing. The share of manufactured goods in the total exports of Turkey increased from 37% in 1980 to 93% in 2009. Increase in the volume of foreign trade between 2002-2008 is also remarkable. $87 billion volume of foreign trade in 2002 rose at an annual rate of 25%, to reach $334 billion in 2008, $243 billion in 2009.This shown that test rig machine is very important to test some equipment. In archery manufacturing, the efficiencies for the bow and arrow to working simultaneously to shoot the longest with accurate moment and high speed is required for an excellent product. Platts is a leading global provider of energy and metals information and the world’s foremost source of price assessments in the physical energy markets. Since 1909, Platts has enabled the markets to operate with transparency and efficiency, and helped traders, risk managers, analysts, and industry leaders make better trading and business decisions.Platts Report: The aluminum alloy market – strong but beset with uncertainty – examines in detail activity throughout the sector and beyond, in Europe, the US and Asia over the past few months and helps bring focus to the outlook of Q1 2012. Comparison of Al and steel Global Aluminum Market to Reach 71. 2 Million Tons by 2018, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. GIA announces the release of a comprehensive global report on the Aluminum markets. The global market for Aluminum is forecast to reach 71. 2 million tons by the year 2018.Major factors driving growth in the Aluminum market include increasing demand for the metal in developing countries, lower per capita consumption of Aluminum in emerging markets, increasing applications of Aluminum in various sectors, increasing regulations in the automotive sector that are driving use of Aluminum, and recovery in demand from end-use segments post-recession. Asia-Pacific represents the largest regional market for aluminum worldwide, as stated by the new market research report on Aluminum. China and India are emerging as the major drivers of global growth in consumption of aluminum.Europe represents the second largest regional market worldwide, followed by the US. Growth in the global aluminum market is projected to be driven by the Rest of World market, which includes the Middle East and Africa. The regional market is projected to post a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 1% during the analysis period. Extruded Products represents the largest market segment for aluminum. However, Rolled Products are projected to spearhead growth in the global aluminum market. Our suggestion is strongly to use Aluminium alloy as a material for our test rig. The characterized by a relatively low density (2. g/cm3 as compare to 7. 9g/cm3 for steel), high resistance to corrosion in some common environments. Our test rig is showing portable properties that allow this to be use even in hot field, including the ambient atmosphere it can resist form corrosive oxygen content in natural environment. Many of this alloys are easily in the process of fabrication virtue to high ductility. The mechanical strength of aluminium can may be enhanced by cold work and by alloying with another metal or non-metal. Aluminum Alloy Product Description Specifications: Tensile Strength(psi): 83000 Yield Strength(psi): 72000Elongation(%2†³): 11 Hardness: 158 IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN OUR DESIGN AND CURRENT DESIGN In Figure above that is the advance industrial test rig machine for testing the car door system. Basically our design is inspired by above design but more less cost and in simplify form. We eventually make a portable test rig that can be brought to any places. Testing facilities and test r igs come in many forms and are used within a broad spectrum of industries. They perform a variety of key functions from product validation through to the training and development of operators. The benefits from our design of test rig: ) The material used is easy to find in market and very popular in making of industrial machine. We are suggesting aluminum alloy due to high strength that is more mechanical properties shown in steel. b) Complete bespoke design and supply of unique test rigs to suit individual archery player specified requirements. c) Modification and upgrades to existing test facilities. d) Specialist components for integration into new test equipment. e) Shop assembly and proving of specific test rigs. f) In recent years we could have successfully completed a number of high profile projects involving test equipment. g) Globalization. ) Ongoing liberalization of international financial and commercial system. i) Foreign investors’ being directed to the fields ac celerating technological-social dynamics in archery. j) Rapid development and increase in effective use of information technologies and innovation. k) Technological developments. l) Increase in the size and purchasing capacity of domestic market. m) Richness of renewable and alternative energy sources. n) Development of competitive new business models. o) Development of institutionalization and corporation culture. p) Coming into prominence of the partnerships between countries. ) Increasing importance of added value product production, quality and efficiency of archery’s bow and arrow. r) Increasing of the information based (producing and utilizing information) competitive advantage. s) Increasing demand for new, high-quality and different products in the global markets with low cost. t) Contribution of the positive developments related to environment and climate changes to the competitiveness. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. PLAN TO DESIGN THE PRODUCT The actual construction was v ery similar to the preliminary design. The end test rig, when fully assembled.The mechanism is the height can be change by requirement of user. There are two blocks that are used for joints of supporting another holder of the arrow as well as the traction rope length u bow in the spring in the valve use to draw and release the bow string when want shoot. The angle of the bow can also be changed by using the ball and socket as our knees. There is another part that supports the ball and socket is attached to one of the blocks that support the horizontal position of the bow string pullers. The height of this test rig can be changed under by jack at the bottom part of the test rig.Jack with rotor will be rolled over by man-power only and it will lift the top part of the test rig. In the preliminary design two supporter were described below in our drawing, master spring switch length and a socket and ball joint in that can joint the bow with the spring switch length . In the actual desig n, these 2 parts were combined into a single part switch that also has a pull/push holder- feature. Many features were added to aid in the setup and tear down of the test stand. The upper part and the lower part both have straight plane that come in contact with the base, and at each of these points there is a single ? n bolt. At the base of each upper 2 block supporter and after the jack assembly there are plane quick that can be disconnects which allow them to be separated from the rest of the structure. The electrical connection is not exist at all in this test rig. All these features allow for the test stand to be assembled and disassembled in approximately 10 minutes. Actual Test Rig Picture shown below: Door testing for its joints and locking setup Testing. Small testing setup installed on seats for complete cycle testing of all for doors of the car.Calculation of door closing and opening speed with the accurate door displacement by servomotor. Reports and data can be visualiz ed on remote PC outside Car. The torsion fatigue test rig (TFTR) was constructed to experimentally characterize the fatigue behaviour of materials that fail due to oscillating shear stresses. It consists of a base, hydraulic rotary actuator, and torque cell. Given the horizontal configuration of the rig, light weight mechanical adapters were designed to interface with the torsion bar specimens to minimize the interference of bending moments on the tests results.The adapters are essentially custom designed collet fixtures with base flanges for mounting, and they use off-the-shelf collets and clamping nuts to retain the specimen and transmit torque. Tests are generally carried out in torque controlled mode and the prescribed torque levels/amplitudes are controlled through commercial software. In this case of our test rig, the speed can be evaluated by the length of string stretched in such angle specified. The height also can be determined in such way by jack illustrated mechanism.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. V. FLOW CHART Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work List the needed material List the needed material Study and gather information Study and gather information Des ign & Sketching Concepts Design & Sketching Concepts YES YES NO NO MODIFICATION MODIFICATION SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE FINISH FINISHPRESENTATION PRESENTATION FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT FINAL DISCUSSION FINAL DISCUSSION ANALYSIS ANALYSIS BRIEF DISCUSSION BRIEF DISCUSSION MARKET SURVEY MARKET SURVEY DESIGN & SKECTHING DESIGN & SKECTHING LITERATURE STUDY LITERATURE STUDY START START VI. GANTT CHART ACTIVITIES| WEEK 1| WEEK 2| WEEK 3| WEEK 5| NOTES| Group division| v| | | | 3 Design must be prepared| Briefing about project design| v| | | | -| Re-do design and lecturer’s approval| | v| | | Get lecturer approval| Do some literature review| | v| | | -| Gather information| | v| | | -|Start doing Solidworks| | | v| | 3 part is separated| Progress report| | | v| | -| Make presentation slides| | | v| | Slides for final presentation| Finish final report| | | v| | -| Present project| | | | v| -| VII. CONDUCTING SOLID WORKS 3 persons assigned to handle this Solidworks. Our des ign is also divided into three phases. The first phase is the jack, the second phase is the ball and socket that is used to change the angle position of the bow, and the third phase is parking bow string, pull and position of the spring in the valve.Isometric view, orthographic view, and sectional view is provided in our report. Assembly part is use to sketch this design. There are about more than 15 parts that have been assembly together in this design. The overall view we put it together in isometric vie. All the dimensions is in mm with the scale of 1:50. Information about the assembly and its components is limited in Large Design Review. Most of the capabilities in Large Design Review mode are limited versions of existing SolidWorks capabilities. Snapshots are available only in Large Design Review.While an assembly is open in Large Design Review, it can make changes to its components. The uses Filter Modified Components to visually indicate which components have been modified. S elective Open and related tools are available on the Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager. These tools let to set some or all components to resolved or to lightweight. The Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager provides access to commands so can be use when open an assembly in Large Design Review mode. Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows to capture design intent. Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material f rom the part.Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch. In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to s ketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train. Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part The body part is main part of the test rig. The body part is the support side of the test rig and as a connector.It holds the baton together with joint so that that joint clamp can hold it together stable. The joint is very important is in this test rig also because it is the main part that contains spring that will stretched inside it when baton is pulled by its holder that stuck the bow string in it. Joint clamp is functional in changing the position of the arrow angle. It can be measured 0o until 180o. This is may suitable for some player that plays with their bow arrow in such rare angle. The baton is part that joint in with the joint and the joint clamp. At the surface of the baton there is a hook that is used for the string to be put.The spring is used for the pulling the baton when want to launch the arrow in such speed and length the string being put in particular section hook. There are 4 section of hook that can be put the bow string. The base is eventually for the supporting the whole structure especially the jack. Link is used for linking with the hydraulic jack. Support part is for the hydraulic jack and as a base to put the body of the test rig. Connectors used in this test rig is just screw rod, side supporter screw, base screw, and long screw. This act as same functio n that is to connects part tightly. Free Body Diagram (FBD) VI. New Design PartSINGLE CAM TUNING: Arrow spine can affect the high/low ripping of the paper test for one-cam bows. In 2007 World Target Champion instructed us that weakspined arrow shafts out of his Mathews bow, the name of the bow will tend to tear nockhigh when paper testing. The stiffer spined shafts will tend to show a low nock tear through the paper. That’s one reason why some bow setups continue to tear nock high no matter where you adjust the nocking point location – the arrow is acting weak and needs to be switched for a stiffer shaft. This is why our test rig can produce many variable and can be added in improvement plan in future.ADJUSTING FOR LEFT AND RIGHT ARROW TEARS: Correcting arrow flight for nock-right and nockleft tearing traits through the paper is more difficult than correcting for up and down. An arrow tears left or right because its spine is not properly matched to the bow system. (Rem ember, we already eliminated arrow rest contact. ) These adjustments are numerous and don’t always get results if the arrow isn’t the proper spine or something major is wrong with the bow system. I remind you again that this is not a perfect world and you should not beat your head against the wall trying to get a perfect hole.Close is good especially if the vane slices through the paper are crisp and all test shots produce the same hole. A little high-left or a little high tear, less than a half inch from 8 yards, is very acceptable and tells you that the arrows are flying well. All that remains is to shoot for groups from some distance that matches the archer’s ability level. Our design that has 4 section of hook is very useful because force is very important in shooting the arrow. Furthermore, no power supply is used by our machine makes us tend to do it different section to differentiate how far can the arrow go when it is shoot form different section.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is a significant volume of literature covering methodology and approaches to selecting indicators of sustainable development. There is certainly no shortage of suggested ‘criteria’ for indicators and it has been possible to combine the oft-quoted lists to form a comprehensive overview (box 3). Similarly, several engineers mutually advocate adopting a framework to provide a coherent, consistent and structured process to indicator selection. However, there is an apparent gap in the literature in terms of the actual application of indicators, successfully or otherwise.This suggests that more often than not the process of selecting indicators – from deciding which indicators to adopt, to how many and whether/ how to aggregate and communicate the results – can become so lengthy and complex that the implementation and reviewing of indicator data is never achieved. It seems all too easy to get hung-up on finding the ‘ perfect’ indicator, but as Bakkes (1997) describes, indicators compromise between relevance, scientific validity and measurability and will often have to be ‘optimally inaccurate’.Therefore, aspiring to achieve the best available indicator is far more efficient in practice. Whilst the process of selecting indicators is intrinsically important to successful implementation, and indeed a valuable learning experience in itself (Bell and Morse, 2003), it is important not to lose perspective. Indicators are not an end in themselves but a means for communication and to assist the policy and planning cycle. Bell and Morse (2003) explicitly argue that to date, very poor, if any relationships between indicators and policy change have been demonstrated.They quote Reid’s (1995 in Bell and Morse, 2003: 50) analysis of why: a lack of awareness of the issues; political unacceptability of many actions; opposition from entrenched interests; and inadequate institutional res ponses. Therefore, it is important to be aware of these potential barriers when designing indicators and to ensure that monitoring them is seen as an integral part of the planning cycle, rather than a routine data collection that is not part of the institution’s decision making and learning cycle; hence ensuring that â€Å"energy [is] directed towards achieving sustainability, not just measuring it† (DSCWG, 2001).Furthermore, the cyclical, ‘feedback’ nature of indicator selection and implementation should be upheld. Just as policy needs to react to indicator data, the indicators also need to be flexible to adjust to possible changes in policy priorities and objectives. Developing a reliable and useful set of indicators that truly reflect the multidimensional nature of sustainable development is clearly a complex task.However, â€Å"if sustainable development is one of the tourism industry’s major contemporary objectives, then the industry needs to be able to measure its performance and impacts in this area† (Ko, 2005:432); undertaking this process, through adopting a framework to selecting indicators and acting upon their results, is worth the time and effort required to get it right. The implementation of the Annotation project has clearly demonstrated the concepts underlying the system to be entirely feasible, with, of course, the previously mentioned alterations and reservations.The Moderation subsystem required the use of authentication methods, currently under investigation within the JISC project umbrella at this time, in order to be realistically implemented. Several authentication projects under development will soon become available; using any such suitable project, it is possible to enable an implementation of the moderation system in the real world. Amongst other applications, annotation could also be considered as searchable metadata. This would permit a wider reach for site or content searching mechanisms. During this roject, the idea was considered, but constraints due to the design made it impractical —the definition of the project stated clearly that, as a completely independent service, its existence or otherwise should not in any way influence the operation of the resource finder. As such, it would have been inappropriate to link the Resource Finder’s operation to the annotations. As an example scenario, one might imagine a researcher who reads a paper in a given context and, whilst annotating the document, drops a reference to several other resources r concepts. A researcher searching on one of these associated concepts may therefore be referred to this article as a consequence of the annotation; in this way, one might imagine that searching ’backwards’ from annotation information may provide, perhaps surprising, and perhaps useful associations. While doing this project we realize that potentially it came from us the developing our strength to become more knowledgeable in this real-life world. We are exposed to the market survey, the material used and the important thing is to design something.At last, to wrap up this conclusion with a question, introduced as a statement; the possibilities provided by the storage of annotation metadata are certainly wide enough. Annotation metadata alone is a potentially rich resource; when combined with other information, such as contextual background information, the possibilities are endless. Applying contextual information, for example, could help the sorting through search terms to locate more relevant resources. What other metadata exists that could contribute to the usefulness of an annotation? REFERENCESI. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. , (GIA) http://www. strategyr. com/Aluminum_Market_Report. asp II. â€Å"Commission on Growth and Development. 2007. â€Å"The Growth Report,† Washington, D. C. III. Rodrik, D. 2007. â€Å"What does China export? China and the World Economy IV. w ww. disability. wa. gov. au V. Learning Guide  © 2009 The University of Adelaide VI. DavyMarkham – Products – Test Rigs VII. NaRec – Wind Turbine Test Facility at Blyth, UK. Design study VIII. End of Project Report, by Gregory J. L. Tourte, UKOLN,The University of Bath, August 2003 IX.